Serum resistin and lipid profile in primigravida females with and without preeclampsia: An analytical cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To measure and compare the serum levels of resistin and lipid profile parameters in primigravida females with and without preeclampsia. Methods: The analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, from 2018 to 2020, and comprised primigravida females having gestational age 30-36 weeks. Those with preeclampsia constituted group 1, while normotensive females constituted group 2. All the participants were subjected to detailed history and general physical examination. Serum resistin levels were measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, and lipid profile parameters were measured using the colorimetric method. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. RESULTS: Of the 80 women, 40(50%) were in group 1 with mean age 23.07±2.10 years and mean gestation age 33.45±2.30 weeks. There were 40(50%) women in group 2 with mean age 23.02±2.11 years and mean gestational age 34.45±1.75 weeks. Mean serum resistin was significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2 (p<0.02). Mean levels of lipid parameters were significantly different between the groups (p˂0.05). Conclusion: Preeclampsia was found to be associated with higher levels of resistin and lipid parameters compared to normal pregnancy.

Leptin and Hyperlipidemia in Primigrivida Preeclamptic Women and Normotensive Women.

OBJECTIVE: To measure and compare serum levels of leptin and lipid profile parameters in primigravida women with PE and normotensive primigravida. STUDY DESIGN: Analytical cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, from 2018 to 2020. METHODOLOGY: Preeclamptic (PE, group A) and normal primigravida (PG, group B) with gestational age 30-36 weeks were recruited from tertiary care hospitals. After written and informed consent, blood samples were taken. Serum was separated and stored at -80oC until processed. CBC and lipid profile of each patient was also done using automated lab machines. Serum levels of leptin were calculated by ELISA. The data was entered and analysed in SPSS version 20. RESULTS: The mean serum levels of leptin (ng/ml) in PE (group A) were significantly raised compared to normotensive PG (group B) at 33.44±12.91 and 4±6.20 respectively (p.

Serum Resistin Levels and Related Genetic Variants Are Associated With Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women.

Background: Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disorder and a number of genetic variants or loci responsible for bone mineral density (BMD) have been identified. Resistin, a novel adipokine has diverse role in human body including its function in bone remodeling. The objective of this study was to see the association of serum resistin levels and related genetic variants (rs3931020, rs13144478) with BMD in postmenopausal females. Methods: This comparative analytical study was conducted on postmenopausal osteoporotic (n=101), osteopenic (n=77) and non-osteoporotic (n=74) females. For comparison and correlational analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman's rho correlation were used respectively. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was calculated by using Chi-square test (χ2). Results: There was significant difference in the serum levels of resistin (p <0.001), among the three groups. Significant negative correlation of resistin was observed with BMD at various sites. Serum resistin levels were significantly low in the rs3931020 AA homozygous genotype (p = 0.010), and significantly high in the rs13144478 AT heterozygous genotype (p = 0.020), BMD at all sites except left femoral neck was significantly high in rs3931020 AA genotype, while BMD at lumbar spine, left hip and total BMD were significantly low in the rs13144478 TT homozygotes. Conclusion: High serum resistin levels are associated with low BMD and single nucleotide variation in rs3931020 and rs13144478 may lead to high serum resistin levels and low bone mineral density. Resistin can serve as a new genetic marker, potential therapeutic target and predictor of osteoporosis.

Serum resistin levels as predictor of low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

Resistin, a novel adipokine may play an important role in bone metabolism. The study is designed to discover the association of bone mineral density (BMD) with serum resistin levels, anthropometric measures and to elucidate serum resistin as a predictor of BMD in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women (n = 160) were recruited and divided into two groups, non-osteoporotic (n = 70) and osteoporotic (n = 90). BMD was evaluated by DXA scan. High serum resistin levels and low weight are independent contributors to low BMD and can influence BMD at lumbar spine, right femoral neck, right hip, left femoral neck, and left hip in postmenopausal women.

Plasma somatostatin and insulin like growth factor-1 levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate plasma somatostatin and insulin like growth factor-1levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, and to compare it with healthy controls. METHODS: The cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at the University of Health Sciences (UHS), Lahore, Pakistan, from December 2016 to January 2018, and comprised patients of polycystic ovary syndrome selected from tertiary care hospitals of the city. A group of apparently healthy women was also raised from the local community to work as controls. Anthropometric measurements, general physical examination and fasting blood glucose levels were determined for each subject. Plasma insulin, somatostatin and insulin like growth factor-1levels were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data was collected using a predesigned questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS 20. RESULTS: Of the 80 subjects, 40(50%) were cases with a mean age of 22.63±4.47 years, and 40(50%) were controls with a mean age of 22.78±4.85 years (p>0.05). The cases had higher fasting blood glucose, insulin and insulin like growth factor-1levels (p<0.05) compared to the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin resistance and lower somatostatin levels along with higher insulin like growth factor-1 levels were found in women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared to healthy women.

Plasma Surfactant Protein-A Levels In Healthy Subjects And Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Currently, there is a dearth of biomarkers which can accurately diagnose and evaluate the prognosis of the disease. Systemic Surfactant Protein- A (SP-A) levels are generally higher in smokers compared to non-smokers as well as elevated in COPD patients as compared to controls. The objective of the study was to estimate and compare plasma surfactant protein-A levels in male and female COPD patients and healthy subjects and to evaluate the role of SP-A as a possible bio-marker for COPD patients. METHODS: A Comparative study, conducted at the department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore between August 2013 and April 2015. A total of 84 subjects of both sexes between 30-80 years of age were included in this study. Subjects were taken from local community and were divided into four groups (A- D). COPD was diagnosed on the basis of relevant history and spirometry showing post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.70. RESULTS: Plasma SP-A levels were not different between controls and COPD patients and between male and female COPD patients. However, SP-A levels were directly correlated with cotinine levels (r= 0.503, p=0.001). Female patients were usually more symptomatic than males and developed COPD at an earlier age compared with male patients. CONCLUSION: Plasma SP-A levels were not significantly different between groups. Plasma cotinine levels (an indication of the tobacco use) were positively correlated with plasma SP-A levels in study subjects. Female patients developed COPD at an early age compared to male counterparts with similar tobacco exposure.

Association Between Vitamin D and Resistin in Postmenopausal Females With Altered Bone Health.

Background: Resistin is a relatively novel adipokine that has a role in bone remodeling and may regulate bone mineral density (BMD). Vitamin D and adipokines have a dynamic role in the body's various metabolic processes, including bone metabolism, and may alter bone metabolism in relation to each other. This study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D and serum resistin levels in postmenopausal non-osteoporotic and osteoporotic females. Methods: This correlational analytical study was conducted on 161 postmenopausal females, divided into two groups, non-osteoporotic and osteoporotic, between 50-70 years. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. Serum resistin and vitamin D levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Serum calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase with spectrophotometry. A correlation was checked using spearman's rho correlation coefficient, and multivariate stepwise regression analysis was used to predict serum resistin levels. Results: Postmenopausal females (n=161) having sufficient, insufficient and deficient levels of vitamin D were 87 (54.0%), 64 (39.8%), and 10 (6.2%), respectively. Lumbar spine BMD (p < 0.001), total hip BMD (p < 0.001), and serum resistin levels (p < 0.001) were significantly different between the two groups. There was a significant negative correlation between serum resistin and vitamin D in postmenopausal females (rho = -0.182, p = 0.021) and osteoporotic group (rho = -0.253, p = 0.019) but non-significant in non-osteoporotic group (rho = -0.077, p = 0.509). Serum vitamin D was found to be independent predictor of serum resistin levels, accounting for only 3% variance. Conclusion: Serum vitamin D levels were low while serum resistin levels were high in postmenopausal osteoporotic females and vitamin D is a negative predictor of serum resistin levels.

Alkaline phosphatase is a predictor of Bone Mineral Density in postmenopausal females.

OBJECTIVES: The study was planned to determine whether serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are predictors of bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal non-osteoporotic, osteopenic, and osteoporotic females. METHODS: In this cross sectional study, conducted at Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore in the year 2014-2015, postmenopausal females between 50-70 years of age were taken and divided into three groups non-osteoporotic (n=52), osteopenic (n=69) and osteoporotic (n=47). Serum ALP, phosphate and calcium were used in a stepwise multiple regression analysis to predict T-score in these groups. RESULTS: In normal postmenopausal females, the prediction model was statistically significant, F(2, 41) = 6.041, p < 0.05 and showed a T-score variance of 22%. T-score was primarily predicted by higher levels of phosphate and calcium. In postmenopausal osteopenic females, T-score was only predicted by lower levels of ALP. The model was statistically significant, F(1, 59) = 4.995, p < 0.05, and accounted for approximately 7% of the variance of T-score. In postmenopausal osteoporotic females, the prediction model contained no predictors. CONCLUSION: Our study suggested that calcium and phosphate are the strongest predictors of T-score in postmenopausal normal females, while in postmenopausal osteopenic females ALP was the strongest predictor of T-score. Elevated serum ALP levels may help in determining loss of BMD in postmenopausal females.

Plasma surfactant Protein-D levels in healthy subjects and COPD patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare plasma surfactant protein-D levels in healthy smokers and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. METHODS: The comparative study was conducted at the University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, from January to December 2015, and comprised chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and healthy smokers of either gender aged 40-80 years. Plasma surfactant protein-D levels of male and female subjects were estimated and compared with lung function and tobacco exposure. Blood samples were collected after complete history, physical examination and spirometry. Plasma levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma cotinine levels were also measured for the determination of tobacco as well as biomass exposure along with pack years. SPSS 20 was used for data analysis.. RESULTS: Of the 84 subjects, there were 42(50%) patients and as many controls. Both groups had 21(50%) males and as many females. There was no significant difference in the plasma surfactant protein-D levels of males and females in the patient group compared to their counterparts in the control group (p>0.05). Females developed the disease at a younger age compared to males (p=0.04). There was no significant difference in terms of pack-years and cotinine levels between the groups (p>0.05) and lung function showed greater deterioration in the females compared to males with similar tobacco exposure (p<0.05).. CONCLUSIONS: The gender did not affect plasma surfactant protein-D levels.

Modulation of brain kisspeptin expression after bisphenol-A exposure in a teleost fish, Catla catla.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect the neuroendocrine system which in turn influences the reproductive regulation. Neuronal genes disrupted by EDCs are the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh2), the Kiss/GPR54 system that regulates gonadotropin release and cyp19b gene encoding brain aromatase. In the present study, pubertal Catla catla expected to spawn for first the time in the coming season were exposed to graded concentration of bisphenol-A (10, 100, 1000 µg/l) for 14 days. Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of neuroendocrine genes, i.e., kisspeptins and their receptors, gonadotropin-releasing hormone type II and brain aromatase were studied after 14 days exposure. Results showed that bisphenol-A (BPA) strongly upregulated expression of kiss1, kiss2, gpr54a, and gnrh2 in fish exposed to 10 µg/l BPA. Fish exposed to 1000 µg/l BPA, expression of kiss1 and gnrh2 were comparable to control while kiss2 mRNA increased compared to controls. Brain aromatase (cyp19b) mRNA expression increased in fish exposed to both 10 and 1000 µg/l BPA. These results indicate that BPA exposure can disrupt organization of the kisspeptin signaling pathways. This neuroendocrine disruption may be the underlying mechanism by which a suite of reproductive abnormalities are induced.

Plasma surfactant protein-A levels in apparently healthy smokers, stable and exacerbation COPD patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the plasma level of surfactant protein-A in apparently healthy smokers, stable and exacerbation Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. METHODS: This was a comparative study conducted from January, 2015 to March, 2016. This study was conducted on 87 subjects of both gender and age between 30-70 years. Of the total 87 subjects; 29 subjects were "healthy smokers" selected from general population as control group. Another 29 were "stable COPD" patients free of exacerbation since last six weeks. Lastly, another 29 subjects were "exacerbated COPD" patients with 7-10 days of exacerbation. COPD was diagnosed on the basis of relevant history and spirometry showing post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.70. Surfactant Protein-A level (ng/ml) was estimated by a specific solid phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using automated EIA analyzer. RESULTS: The SP-A levels, determined by competitive ELISA, was significantly higher (P<0.025) in healthy smokers (44.19±39.17 ng/ml) and exacerbated (43.86±40.17) than the stable COPD (25.89±18.85) patients. The lung function parameters (FEV1, FVC and FEV1/ FVC) were lower in COPD patients compared to healthy smokers and were related to the duration of smoking. CONCLUSION: Current smokers and exacerbated patients had higher values of SP-A protein than stable COPD patients since they had stopped smoking.

Interplay of vitamin D, vitamin B12, homocysteine and bone mineral density in postmenopausal females.

Osteoporosis is most common age related, multifactorial disease. The aim of the researchers were to discover the association between serum homocysteine, vitamin D, vitamin B12 and bone mineral density in postmenopausal non-osteoporotic and osteoporotic females. In this cross- sectional study, 156 postmenopausal females between 50-70 years of age were recruited and divided into two groups, non-osteoporotic (n = 52) and osteoporotic (n = 104). There was significant negative correlation of homocysteine with vitamin D and B12 in postmenopausal non-osteoporotic and homocysteine with vitamin B12 in postmenopausal osteoporotic females. Serum homocysteine levels were predicted by vitamin D in postmenopausal non-osteoporotic and vitamin B12 in postmenopausal osteoporotic females.

Relationship of anthropometric measures with bone mineral density in postmenopausal non-osteoporotic, osteopenic and osteoporotic women.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Body mass index (BMI) has been shown to be a more important predictor of bone mineral density (BMD). The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of anthropometric measures including body mass index with bone mineral density in postmenopausal non-osteoporotic, osteopenic and osteoporotic women. METHODS: In this cross sectional study postmenopausal females between 50-70 years of age were recruited and divided into three groups: non-osteoporotic (n=52), osteopenic (n=69) and osteoporotic females (n=47). Anthropometric measures and bone mineral density were assessed. ANOVA was applied to compare groups while Post hoc Tuckey's test was used for multiple comparisons between the groups. Spearman's rho correlation was used to establish correlations. RESULTS: Body mass index (p = 0.034) and hip circumference (p = 0.013) were significantly higher in osteopenic as compared to osteoporotic females and waist to hip ratio was significantly higher (p = 0.005) in osteoporotic as compared to non-osteoporotic females. Significant positive correlation of body mass index was found with T-score (p = 0.022) and ultrasound bone profile index (p< 0.001) in postmenopausal females. CONCLUSIONS: High body mass index is associated with high bone mineral density and reduced fracture risk in postmenopausal females. Increasing age and high waist to hip ratio can also lead to reduced bone mineral density in postmenopausal females.

Oxidative stress and histopathologic biomarkers of exposure to bisphenol-A in the freshwater fish, Ctenopharyngodon idella

ABSTRACT Bisphenol-A (BPA) belongs to the family of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and it is used in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. The reproductive toxicity of BPA is well documented but it also exerts its toxic effects through multiple pathways especially by inducing a state of oxidative stress and causing damage to the vital organs. In the present study, histopathologic and oxidative damage caused by BPA in liver and kidneys of fresh water cyprinid, Ctenopharyngodon idella was evaluated. LC50 of BPA for Ctenopharyngodon idella was determined by probit regression analysis. Fish were exposed to a sublethal concentration of BPA i.e. 3.2 ppm (1/2 LC50) for 14 days. Histologic studies revealed that BPA caused degenerative changes in liver and kidneys and exposure of sublethal concentration of BPA caused oxidative damage in both organs. Lipid peroxidation significantly increased in liver and kidneys of treated group. Catalase activity and reduced glutathione content significantly decreased in the group exposed to BPA compared to control and glutathione-S-transferase activity increased significantly in both organs exposed to the sublethal concentration of BPA. From this study it is concluded that BPA caused toxic effects in fish species by changing oxidative balance and damaging the vital organs.

Comparison of parameters of bone profile and homocysteine in physically active and non-active postmenopausal females.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Optimal physical activity is important in attaining a peak bone mass. Physically active women have better bone mineral density and reduce fracture risk as compared to females living a sedentary life. The objective of this study was to compare parameters of bone profile and serum homocysteine levels in physically active and non-active postmenopausal females. METHODS: In this cross sectional study postmenopausal females between 50-70 years of age were recruited and divided into two groups: Physically inactive (n=133) performing light physical activity and Physically active (n=34) performing moderate physical activity. Physical activity (in metabolic equivalents), bone mineral density and serum homocysteine levels were assessed. Spearman's rho correlation was applied to observe correlations. Two independent sample t test and Mann Whitney U test were applied to compare groups. P-value ≤ 0.05 was taken statistically significant. RESULTS: Parameters of bone profile were significantly higher and serum homocysteine levels were significantly lower in postmenopausal females performing moderate physical activity as compared to females performing light physical activity. Homocysteine was not significantly related to T-score and Z-score in both groups. CONCLUSION: Improving physical activity could be beneficial for improving the quality of bone, decreasing fracture risk and decreasing serum homocysteine levels.

Quantitative ultrasound bone profile and vitamin D status in 5-11 years old children with intellectual disability.

OBJECTIVE: To measure serum vitamin D levels and quantitative ultrasound bone profile parameters and their correlation with each other in children with various grades of intellectual disability and bone health. METHODS: The descriptive study was conducted from January to December, 2011, at the University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised children aged 5-11 years having intelligence quotient less than 70. Quantitative ultrasound measurements at hand phalanges were taken using an ultrasonic bone profiler. Serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were measured by calorimetry and 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data was analysed using appropriate statistical tools. RESULTS: Of the 61 children, 35 (57.4%) were boys and 26(42.6%) were girls. Overall median age was 104.48 months (inter quartile range: 77.77-128.04 months). Of the total, 17(27.9%) subjects had below normal bone profile and 51(85%) had less than 20ng/ml 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels. A mild negative correlation of 25-hydroxy vitamin D was seen with age (p=0.006). Moderate significant correlations of amplitude dependant speed of sound were observed with age (p<0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Significant proportion of children with intellectual disability had below-normal bone profile. Vitamin D levels were extremely low in overwhelming majority of children with intellectual disability. Significant negative correlation of age with Vitamin D and positive correlation with amplitude dependant speed of sound may suggest increasing requirements of vitamin D with age to cope with advancing needs of growing skeleton in children with intellectual disability.

Hypovitaminosis D and its association with lifestyle factors.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to determine the serum vitamin D levels and their relation with demographic features and life style factors in young adults. METHODS: It was an analytical cross-sectional study on 88 subjects aged 18-40 years. Relevant information about physical activity, job place, duration of sun exposure, educational status and socioeconomic conditions was obtained. Serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D were measured by ELISA. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20. RESULTS: Mean serum vitamin D level was 8.44±0.49 (Range: 1.00-21.08) ng/ml in participants. Vitamin D deficiency was found in 98.86% of the population. Mean vitamin D levels were significantly lower in females (p=0.0001), physically less active (p=0.006), indoor job holders (p=0.0001), less sun exposed (p=0.001), highly educated (p=0.020) and high socioeconomic status (p=0.007) bearing and in subjects having relatively fair skin complexion (p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Serum vitamin D levels of study population were below normal and were associated with female gender, less physical activity, indoor jobs, less sun exposure, higher education and higher socioeconomic class and relatively fair skin complexion.

Vitamin D and cardiometabolic risk factors in adult non-diabetic offspring of type 2 diabetic parents.

OBJECTIVE: To measure serum vitamin D levels and assess its correlation with the various components of metabolic syndrome in adult non-diabetic offsprings of type 2 diabetics. METHODS: The analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from February to December 2012 at the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Data on anthropometric and physiologic/biochemical parameters was collected. Fasting blood samples were collected and serum was analysed for fasting serum insulin, fasting blood sugar, lipid profile and vitamin D. SPSS 20 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the total 88 subjects in the study, 40 (45.5%) were offsprings of type 2 diabetics and 48 (54.5%) were offsprings of non-diabetic parents. Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/ml) was observed in 86 (98.5%) of the subjects and 77 (87.5%) had vitamin D levels <15 ng/ml. Severe deficiency (<10 ng/ml) was seen in 61 (70%) subjects. Inverse correlation was observed between vitamin D and low density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein ratio, Fasting Blood Sugar and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. CONCLUSION: The subjects were severely deficient in vitamin D and its levels were inversely correlated with most of the components of metabolic syndrome.

Variations in cerebral arterial circle of Willis in adult Pakistani population.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the anatomical variations in cerebral arterial circle of Willis. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Anatomy, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, from February 2009 to January 2010. METHODOLOGY: Human brains were removed from fifty-one consecutive cadavers at the time of autopsy from Forensic Department, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, to observe anatomical variations in the cerebral arterial circle regarding its completeness, pattern and symmetry. The individual cerebral vessels were also noted for the presence, origin, caliber and symmetry. Pictures from each dissection, showing the complete circle were taken. The variations of the circle as whole and segmental variations were studied and described in percentage. RESULTS: Thirty-seven (72.5%) of the 51 (100%) cerebral arterial circles were complete; 15 subjects (29.4%) had typical configuration; 25 (49%) had symmetrical arrangement and 39 subjects (76.4%) had different types of variations in their component vessels. Variations were most common in the posterior communicating artery followed by anterior communicating artery, pre-communicating segments of the posterior cerebral and pre-communicating segments of anterior cerebral arteries. No circle was found with aneurysm. CONCLUSION: Different variations in the formation of circle of Willis and in its component vessels are common in the local adult population of Pakistan. These should be taken into consideration during angiographic evaluation and neurosurgical procedures on the anterior circulation.

Amino acid digestibility of chemically treated and extruder cooked defatted rice polishing.

Rice polishing is a by-product of rice milling. It is a good source of energy and an assortment of amino acids. The anti-nutritive factors associated with rice polishing reduce the availability of amino acids and other nutrients to poultry. Defatted rice polishing (DRP) was chemically treated with 0.4N HCl and 6% H2O2 solutions by soaking in ratio of 1:1.5. After the chemical treatments, one portion of each was further cooked with an extruder cooker maintained at 130oC for 10 seconds. The amino acid digestibility trial of untreated and treated DRP was done using precision fed cockerel assay. Thirty White Leghorn cockerels of 24 weeks of age, having uniform weight, were selected for the experiment and divided into five groups of six cockerels each. Three birds in each group were force-fed treated DRPs @ 25g per bird through crop intubation with the help of a funnel and plunger passed via the oesophagus. The other three were kept without feed throughout the experimental period to measure the endogenous amino acids excreted in the faeces. The excreta voided during 24 hours following force-feeding was collected at 12-hour intervals. The excreta of different groups were weighed, oven-dried and used for amino acid analysis. The results indicated that chemical or chemical plus extrusion cooking decreased the total amino acids present in DRP. The content of several amino acids were reduced as a result of chemical treatment. Further reduction of the amino acid content was observed when the chemically treated DRP were subjected to extrusion cooking. However, the acid (0.4N HCl), acid plus extrusion cooking and 6% H2O2 treatments improved the amino acid digestibility. On the other hand, treating DRP with 6% H2O2 plus extrusion cooking reduced the amino acids digestibility.